The term ‘dysfunction‘ refers to elements or processes within a social system that have negative effects on the system’s stability, adaptation, or functioning. In contrast to functions, which help a system maintain stability, dysfunctions hinder it. For example, in modern India, which aims to be mobile, democratic, and egalitarian, the caste system is considered dysfunctional. Instead of promoting democracy and equality, the caste system restricts mobility and participation, making it harmful to societal goals.
The concept of dysfunction was introduced by sociologist Robert K. Merton to highlight that not all social practices, structures, or institutions contribute positively to the well-being or stability of society.
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